বুধবার, ৮ অক্টোবর, ২০২৫



## 🟢 **1. Jammu & Kashmir / Ladakh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Dal Lake

  * Wular Lake (Largest freshwater lake in India)

  * Manasbal Lake

* **Brackish water:**


  * Pangong Tso (partly saline, high-altitude lake)

  * Tso Moriri

* **Man-made:**


  * Mansar Lake (natural + small dammed sections)


---


## 🟢 **2. Himachal Pradesh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Renuka Lake

  * Rewalsar Lake

  * Khajjiar Lake

  * Prashar Lake

* **Man-made:**


  * Govind Sagar Lake (on Bhakra Dam – Sutlej River)


---


## 🟢 **3. Punjab**


* **Man-made:**


  * Harike Lake (at confluence of Beas & Sutlej – reservoir type, brackish)


---


## 🟢 **4. Haryana**


* **Man-made / Brackish:**


  * Sultanpur Lake (bird sanctuary, shallow, partly brackish)


---


## 🟢 **5. Uttarakhand**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Naini Lake

  * Bhimtal

  * Naukuchiatal

  * Sattal

  * Deoria Tal


---


## 🟢 **6. Uttar Pradesh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Belasagar Lake (Mahoba)

  * Sandi Lake (Hardoi – bird sanctuary)

  * Nawabganj Lake

* **Man-made:**


  * Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam Reservoir – Son River)


---


## 🟢 **7. Rajasthan**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Jaisamand Lake (2nd largest artificial freshwater lake)

  * Ana Sagar Lake (Ajmer – man-made)

  * Fateh Sagar Lake (Udaipur – man-made)

* **Saltwater / Brackish:**


  * Sambhar Lake (largest inland salt lake in India)


---


## 🟢 **8. Gujarat**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Thol Lake (bird sanctuary)

  * Nal Sarovar (brackish to freshwater)

* **Saltwater:**


  * Little Rann of Kutch (seasonal salt pans)

* **Man-made:**


  * Kankaria Lake (Ahmedabad – artificial)


---


## 🟢 **9. Madhya Pradesh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Bhojtal (Upper Lake, Bhopal – man-made freshwater)

  * Lower Lake (Bhopal)


---


## 🟢 **10. Maharashtra**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Lonar Lake (alkaline crater lake – technically saline)

  * Rankala Lake (Kolhapur)

* **Man-made:**


  * Shivsagar Lake (Koyna Dam Reservoir)


---


## 🟢 **11. Chhattisgarh**


* **Man-made:**


  * Kharun Lake (Bilaspur – dammed riverine lake)


---


## 🟢 **12. Odisha**


* **Brackish Water:**


  * Chilika Lake (largest brackish lake in India; Ramsar site)

* **Man-made:**


  * Hirakud Reservoir (on Mahanadi River)


---


## 🟢 **13. West Bengal**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Rabindra Sarobar (Kolkata – man-made freshwater)

  * Santragachi Jheel

* **Brackish / Saltwater:**


  * East Kolkata Wetlands

  * Talsari lagoon (near Digha – brackish)


---


## 🟢 **14. Bihar**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Kanwar Lake (Asia’s largest oxbow lake)

* **Man-made:**


  * Indrapuri Reservoir


---


## 🟢 **15. Jharkhand**


* **Man-made:**


  * Ranchi Lake

  * Tilaiya Dam Reservoir


---


## 🟢 **16. Assam**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Deepor Beel (Ramsar site)

  * Chandubi Lake (volcanic origin)


---


## 🟢 **17. Meghalaya**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Umiam Lake (Barapani – man-made reservoir)


---


## 🟢 **18. Manipur**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Loktak Lake (largest freshwater lake in Northeast India)

  * Keibul Lamjao National Park (floating park on Loktak)


---


## 🟢 **19. Tripura**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Dumbur Lake


---


## 🟢 **20. Andhra Pradesh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Kolleru Lake (largest freshwater lake in South India)

* **Brackish water:**


  * Pulicat Lake (shared with Tamil Nadu – 2nd largest brackish lake)

* **Man-made:**


  * Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir


---


## 🟢 **21. Telangana**


* **Man-made:**


  * Hussain Sagar Lake (Hyderabad)

  * Osman Sagar

  * Himayat Sagar


---


## 🟢 **22. Karnataka**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Ulsoor Lake (Bangalore)

* **Man-made:**


  * Tungabhadra Reservoir


---


## 🟢 **23. Tamil Nadu**


* **Brackish:**


  * Pulicat Lake (shared with Andhra)

* **Man-made:**


  * Chembarambakkam Lake

  * Veeranam Lake


---


## 🟢 **24. Kerala**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Vembanad Lake (largest lake in Kerala, brackish in parts)

  * Sasthamkotta Lake (largest freshwater lake in Kerala)

* **Brackish water:**


  * Ashtamudi Lake (Ramsar site)


---


## 🟢 **25. Goa**


* **Brackish:**


  * Carambolim Lake

  * Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary lagoons


---


## 🟢 **26. Arunachal Pradesh**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Sela Lake

  * Ganga Lake (Gyakar Sinyi)


---


## 🟢 **27. Sikkim**


* **Freshwater:**


  * Tsomgo 

Lake (Changu)

  * Gurudongmar Lake (high altitude freshwater lake)


---

বুধবার, ৩ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০২৫

School inspector recruitment notification syllabus details


The West Bengal Public Service Commission (WBPSC) is set to conduct a recruitment drive for the position of Sub-Inspector of Schools under the West Bengal Subordinate Educational Service. Here's a comprehensive overview of the available information.


📄 Position Overview: Sub-Inspector of Schools

  • Department: School Education Department, Government of West Bengal

  • Service: West Bengal Subordinate Educational Service

  • Designation: Sub-Inspector of Schools

  • Work Nature: Field-based, involving official tours


✅ Eligibility Criteria

  • Educational Qualification: Bachelor’s degree in Teaching/Education

  • Language Proficiency: Proficiency in Bengali or Nepali (both written and spoken)

  • Age Limit: Up to 36 years (age relaxation may apply for reserved categories)

  • Additional Requirement: Ability to undertake official tours


💰 Pay Scale

  • Basic Pay: ₹9,000 – ₹40,500

  • Grade Pay: ₹4,700

  • Entry-Level Salary: Approximately ₹12,140 per month


📝 Selection Process

  1. Written Examination: Assessing subject knowledge and general awareness

  2. Interview: Evaluating communication skills and suitability for the role

  3. Document Verification: Ensuring authenticity of academic and professional credentials


💳 Application Details

  • Application Fee:

    • General/OBC: ₹160 + 18% GST

    • SC/ST/PWD: Nil

  • Application Portal:

  • Admit Card Release: To be announced


🔍 Important Notes

  • Language Requirement: Candidates whose mother tongue is Nepali are exempt from the Bengali language proficiency requirement.

  • Tour Requirement: The role necessitates the ability to undertake official tours.

  • Recruitment Process: The selection is based on recommendations from the WBPSC following written and viva-voce assessments.




📝 Exam Pattern

  • Total Marks: 200

  • Duration: 90 minutes

  • Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

  • Sections:

    1. Education: 50 questions (1 mark each)

    2. General Studies & Arithmetic: 50 questions (1 mark each)


📘 Syllabus Details

1. Education (Equivalent to B.Ed. Level)

  • Educational Psychology: Learning theories, motivation, intelligence, and individual differences.

  • Pedagogy: Teaching methods, instructional strategies, curriculum development, and assessment techniques.

  • Educational Philosophy: Major educational thinkers, educational aims, and values.

  • Educational Sociology: Role of education in society, socialization, and educational inequalities.

  • Educational Administration: School organization, management, and leadership.

  • Inclusive Education: Special education needs, inclusive teaching practices, and policies.

2. General Studies & Arithmetic

  • General Studies:

    • Indian History & Culture: Ancient, medieval, and modern history; art, culture, and heritage.

    • Geography: Physical and political geography of India and the world.

    • Indian Polity: Constitution, political system, and governance.

    • Economy: Basic economic concepts, Indian economy, and economic planning.

    • Science & Technology: Basic scientific principles, inventions, and technological advancements.

    • Current Affairs: National and international events, sports, and cultural developments.

  • Arithmetic:

    • Number System: Natural numbers, integers, fractions, and decimals.

    • Algebra: Simplification, equations, and inequalities.

    • Percentage: Calculations involving percentage increase/decrease.

    • Profit and Loss: Cost price, selling price, and profit/loss percentage.

    • Simple and Compound Interest: Calculations and applications.

    • Time and Work: Work efficiency, time taken, and combined work problems.

    • Speed, Distance, and Time: Problems involving motion.

    • Ratio and Proportion: Direct and inverse proportion.

    • Average: Mean, median, and mode.

    • Data Interpretation: Bar graphs, pie charts, and tables.


📥 Downloadable Resources

  • Official Syllabus PDF: Download here

  • Previous Year Papers: Download here





শনিবার, ১৬ আগস্ট, ২০২৫

Post-Gupta Regional Kingdoms

 

Post-Gupta Regional Kingdoms in India

After the decline of the Gupta Empire around the mid-6th century CE, India witnessed political fragmentation and the rise of several regional kingdoms, each vying for power and control. This period marked the transition from imperial to feudal governance with smaller kingdoms dominating various regions.


Key Post-Gupta Regional Kingdoms

1. Maitraka Dynasty

  • Region: Western India, especially Gujarat and Saurashtra.

  • Capital: Valabhi.

  • Known for administrative strength and cultural patronage. They ruled from the 5th to 8th century CE.

  • Declined after repeated Arab invasions.

2. Maukharis

  • Region: Present-day Uttar Pradesh and parts of Northern India.

  • Capital: Kanauj.

  • They emerged around 6th century CE after splitting from Guptas.

  • Had close ties with Harshavardhana’s dynasty and played a key role in northern Indian politics.

3. Gauda Kingdom

  • Region: Bengal.

  • Ruled under the famous king Shashanka, an important early 7th-century ruler.

  • Known as a dominant power opposing Harsha and promoting a distinct Bengali identity.

4. Pushyabhuti Dynasty (Harsha’s Empire)

  • Region: Northern India, including modern Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Bihar.

  • Ruled by King Harshavardhana (c. 606–647 CE), who briefly re-united much of northern India.

  • Harsha’s rule represented a short-lived revival of centralized authority post-Gupta.

5. Later Guptas

  • Region: Magadha region.

  • Claimed descent from original Guptas but had limited control.

  • Eventually overshadowed by Maukharis and other powers.


Political and Social Context

  • The period saw increased decentralization and feudalization, with local landlords and warrior chiefs (samantas) gaining prominence.

  • Cities such as Kanauj became key political and cultural centers.

  • The constant struggle among these kingdoms for supremacy led to the Tripartite Struggle in later centuries among the Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas for control over northern India.

  • Despite political fragmentation, this era saw a flourishing of regional art, architecture, and literature.


Summary Table

Kingdom/DynastyRegionCapitalNotable Ruler(s)Period
MaitrakasGujarat, SaurashtraValabhiBhattarka, Dhruvasena II5th to 8th centuries
MaukharisUttar PradeshKanaujYajnavarman, Grihavarman6th century CE
Gauda KingdomBengalKarnasuvarnaShashankaEarly 7th century
Pushyabhuti DynastyNorthern IndiaThaneshwar, KanaujHarshavardhanaEarly 7th century
Later GuptasMagadhaPataliputraKumaragupta II6th to 7th century

The post-Gupta period thus represents an era of significant political decentralization and the rise of powerful regional kingdoms that laid the groundwork for medieval Indian political and cultural history.