After the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, India fragmented into a number of regional kingdoms and states. These kingdoms arose as the central authority weakened, and several local rulers asserted their independence or expanded their territories.
Here are some of the major post-Mughal regional kingdoms in India:
1. Maratha Confederacy
Founded by Shivaji Maharaj.
They adopted guerrilla warfare tactics and built a decentralized confederacy.
The Marathas expanded across central and northern India and became a dominant power before the British takeover.
2. Nawabs of Bengal
Murshid Quli Khan established autonomous rule in Bengal.
The Nawabs of Bengal controlled a wealthy and prosperous region and resisted external powers until the British defeat at Plassey.
3. Nawabs of Awadh (Oudh)
Established by Saadat Khan in early 18th century.
Awadh became a significant cultural and political center with Lucknow emerging as a hub of arts and administration.
4. Kingdom of Mysore
Originally ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty.
Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (late 18th century), Mysore emerged as a strong state resisting British expansion.
5. Sikh Empire
Emerged under Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Punjab.
Unified various Sikh factions and became a major power until annexed by the British.
6. Hyderabad State
Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1724.
Ruled as an autonomous princely state under nominal Mughal allegiance, later under British protection.
7. Rajput States
Many Rajput kingdoms like Jaipur, Jodhpur, Mewar regained relative autonomy.
They played a crucial role in regional politics and sometimes allied with or resisted the British.
8. Other Regional Kingdoms
Kingdoms like the Ahoms in Assam, Gajapatis in Odisha, and various smaller states across the subcontinent
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