Prehistoric India refers to the period before written records, covering the earliest human habitation and development of early cultures on the Indian subcontinent.
Timeline and Key Features of Prehistoric India
1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age)
Dates: Approximately 2 million years ago to around 10,000 BCE.
Early humans in India used stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers.
Important sites: Soan Valley (Punjab), Bhimbetka rock shelters (Madhya Pradesh), Attirampakkam (Tamil Nadu).
Discovery of fire and development of basic tools.
2. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age)
Dates: Around 10,000 to 8,000 BCE.
Transition period with microlithic tools, beginnings of semi-permanent settlements.
Evidence of domestication of animals and early agriculture.
Important sites include Brahmagiri and Narmada.
3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age)
Dates: Around 8,000 to 4,000 BCE.
Marked by polished stone tools, farming, domestication of animals, pottery.
Establishment of permanent villages.
Early agriculture crops include barley, wheat, and pulses.
4. Chalcolithic Period (Copper Age)
Dates: Around 4,000 to 2,000 BCE.
Use of copper tools alongside stone tools.
Development of early metalworking and crafts.
5. Bronze Age and Early Urbanization
Dates: Around 3,300 to 1,900 BCE.
Flourishing of the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization).
Major urban centers: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira.
Advanced urban planning, drainage, trade, script (Undeciphered), and metallurgy.
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