SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS
During the Chola dynasty, several prominent kingdoms and dynasties existed in South India—sometimes as rivals, sometimes as allies or feudatories. Here’s a concise overview of major South Indian kingdoms during the Chola era:
Major South Indian Kingdoms During the Chola Dynasty
1. Pandya Dynasty
Based in Madurai, the Pandyas were a major southern rival and occasionally a tributary or opponent of the Cholas. The power struggle between the Cholas and the Pandyas was intense, especially towards the later period, with the Pandyas eventually helping to end Chola rule.
2. Chera Dynasty
The Cheras, based in modern Kerala (key port at Muziris), were engaged in both rivalry and collaboration with the Cholas at various times. Chera maritime trade was important for both dynasties and linked South India with Southeast Asia.
3. Chalukya Dynasty
The Cholas constantly clashed with the Western and Eastern Chalukyas of the Deccan. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi became closely related through intermarriage and alliances, even providing Chola emperors (Chalukya-Chola period).
4. Hoysalas
The Hoysalas, based in present-day Karnataka, grew in power during the later part of Chola dominance and allied with or fought against both the Cholas and Pandyas.
5. Pallava Dynasty
The Pallavas, with their capital in Kanchipuram, were a significant force in early Chola history. The Chola king Aditya I defeated the Pallava king Aparajita, incorporating Pallava lands into the Chola empire.
6. Other Kingdoms and Regions
Yadavas (Seunas): Emerged prominently in the Deccan towards the end of Chola rule, with some territorial overlaps.
Velanati and Nellore Cholas: Feudatory states loyal to the Cholas, controlling yet more of the Andhra region.
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga: Often came into conflict with Cholas over territories like Odisha and parts of Andhra.
Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Rohana Kingdoms): Parts of Sri Lanka were occupied and administered by the Cholas for a significant period, facing resistance from local rulers.
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